duration as elemental “atoms” that underlie the duration of perceptual frames and ERD. For example, in Thatcher et al. (2009a) the mode of scalp surface EEG PR was temporally bounded with a minimal phase shift duration of about 45 ms and a maximum phase shift duration of about 70 ms. Phase shift was followed by phase lock that was temporally bounded from about 150 ms to about 800 ms with the most frequent phase locking intervals between 200 and 450 ms (Thatcher et al., 2009a). The findings in the present study are consistent with the earlier surface EEG analyses and indicate that 3-dimensional current source phase shift and phase lock are ongoing spontaneous processes that occur between network nodes and that discrete phase shift durations (i.e., discrete quanta of time) operate at higher temporal-spatial precision than the surface EEG. Network nodes are defined as clusters of neurons connected to other clusters (nodes) and the present study shows that a fundamental property of nodes or clusters is to operate like temporal “shutters” that open and close at specific durations. Each Brodmann area maintains a different ratio of local vs. distant connections but nonetheless follows the general rule of an exponential decrease
