Shallace (1964), Efron (1967, 1970a,b), Allport (1968), and others (Sanford, 1971; Varela, 1995; Varela et al., 2001) have shown a minimum perceptual frame from approximately 40 ms for auditory stimuli to 140 ms for visual stimuli that are durations that temporally distinguish events as being successive in time where duration is defined at T1 – T2 = 0, i.e., simultaneity where there is no perceived time difference between two distinct events. These studies as well as others show that learning-dependent changes in neural networks is not a continuous process but rather a discontinuous sequencing of narrow time windows (Thatcher and John, 1977; John, 2005; Lehmann et al., 2006; Thatcher et al., 2007, 2008b, 2009a). Thatcher et al. (2009a) indicated a linkage between spontaneous and ongoing perceptual frames and event related desynchronization (ERD) by considering phase shift duration and phase lock duration as elemental “atoms” that underlie the duration of perceptual frames and ERD. For example, in Thatcher et al. (2009a) the mode of scalp surface EEG PR was temporally bounded with a minimal phase shift duration of about 45 ms
