Neuroimaging studies of choosing and evaluating responses during decision making contexts often show activations in OFC as well as in dorsal ACC (Berns, McClure, Pagnoni and Montague, 2001; Cohen, Heller and Ranganath, 2005; Coricelli, Critchley, Joffily, O'Doherty, Sirigu, et al., 2005; Elliott, Friston and Dolan, 2000; Ernst and Paulus, 2005; O'Doherty, Critchley, Deichmann and Dolan, 2003). Lesions which include OFC in humans, monkeys or rats cause impairments in using reward information to guide and alter choices (Bechara, Damasio and Damasio, 2000; Izquierdo, Suda and Murray, 2005; Jones and Mishkin, 1972; Rogers, Everitt, Baldacchino, Blackshaw, Swainson, et al., 1999; Schoenbaum, Setlow, Nugent, Saddoris and Gallagher, 2003), and, as in the ACC, there are cells in this region too that respond to the anticipation and delivery of reinforcement (Hikosaka and Watanabe, 2000; Padoa-Schioppa and Assad, 2006; Roesch and Olson, 2004; Schoenbaum, Chiba and Gallagher, 1998; Tremblay and Schultz, 1999; Wallis and Miller, 2003).
