An alternative to measuring fMRI response activation during a task is to measure BOLD activity fluctuations at rest. The “resting brain” exhibits low-frequency spontaneous BOLD signal changes that are correlated across connected regions [55], allowing for assessment of functional connections among neural networks [56, 57]. Several brain regions are more active at rest than during cognitive tasks (e.g. medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, inferior parietal lobules, and medial temporal regions) and are referred to as the default mode network [58]. Resting-state functional connectivity among several default mode regions (medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and inferior parietal lobules) was reduced in young adults with FASD [59]. In addition, children and adolescents with FASD displayed interhemispheric functional connectivity disruption [60]. In a recent analysis of functional connectivity that sought to examine brain network efficiency, Wozniak and colleagues [61] found that children with FASD displayed a 3.1% increase in characteristic path length, implying less reliance on long-distance communication and a greater reliance on multiple smaller connections in the neural network. In addition, they showed a 1.9% reduction in global efficiency,
