Alcohol, nicotine and cannabis use and use disorders have been inconsistently linked to both SI (Nock et al., 2008) and SA (Borges et al., 2010a). For instance, alcohol use and related problems during adolescence and early adulthood have been prospectively linked to SI (Fergusson et al., 2013) and, cross-sectionally, to SI and SA (Darvishi et al., 2015). Current smoking is associated with SI and SA as well (Poorolajal et al., 2016). Studies have also found that smokers with severe nicotine dependence are more likely than non-smokers to report more frequent and serious SA (Berlin et al., 2015;Lopez-Castroman et al., 2016). Some longitudinal studies have found profound elevations in risk for SI and SA in chronic, heavy and early-onset cannabis users (Delforterie et al., 2015;Silins et al., 2014;van Ours et al., 2013) while other studies have attributed these associations to confounding measures (Price et al., 2009), thus the evidence is inconclusive (Borges et al., 2016). In contrast to this literature, little is known about whether SI and SA are themselves associated with the onset of substance use and substance use disorders.
