measures (Price et al., 2009), thus the evidence is inconclusive (Borges et al., 2016). In contrast to this literature, little is known about whether SI and SA are themselves associated with the onset of substance use and substance use disorders. While rates of substance use and use disorders are typically elevated in individuals reporting suicidal thoughts and behaviors, such associations have been primarily attributed to possible pathways that lead from substance use to SI and SA, and evidence for reverse “causality” (i.e. SI/SA leading to increased substance involvement) has not been supported by a limited longitudinal literature (e.g. Covey et al., 2012; van Ours et al., 2013).
