Chunk #172 — VI. Limitations and cautions

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Molecular genetics of addiction and related heritable phenotypes: genome-wide association approaches identify "connectivity constellation" and drug target genes with pleiotropic effects.

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For studies of genetics of brain volume, it is worth noting that at least some of the genetic influences on frontal cortical volume are likely to provide “pleiotropic” influences on other brain regions. Some gene variants that influence frontal lobes as well as addiction, Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive functions could even provide effects on these behavioral phenotypes through actions outside of the frontal cortex.