The Tower of London Test (TOLT) [68], part of the Colorado assessment tests for cognitive and neuropsychological assessment [69], assesses planning and problem-solving ability of the executive functions. During the test, participants required to solve a set of puzzles with graded difficulty levels by arranging the color beads one at a time from a starting position to a desired goal position in as few moves as possible. The test consisted of 3 puzzle types with 3, 4, and 5 colored beads placed on the same number of pegs, with 7 trials per puzzle type and a total of 21 trials. Five performance measures from the sum total of all puzzle types were used in the analysis: (i) excess moves (additional moves beyond the minimum moves required to solve the puzzle); (ii) average pickup time (initial thinking/planning time spent until picking up the first bead to solve the puzzle); (iii) average total time (total thinking/planning time to solve the problem in each puzzle type); (iv) total trial time (total performance/execution time spent on all trials within each puzzle type); and (v) average trial time (mean performance/execution time across trials per puzzle type).
