In terms of with negative emotionality, we found that individuals higher in alexithymia, as measured by the Toronto Alexythymia Scale (Taylor, Parker, & Babgby, 1990) had better cocaine use outcomes when assigned to CBT4CBT versus TAU alone (Morie, Nich, Hunkele, Potenza, & Carroll, 2015), possibly by teaching CBT skills without the emotional demand associated with interpersonal interactions associated with group or individual therapy. In terms of incentive salience, we included an emotional Stroop task (Hester, Dixon, & Garavan, 2006; Waters et al., 2005) in the 2014 study (Carroll et al., 2014). Evaluation of pre-to post changes in reaction time indicated individuals assigned to CBT4CBT reduced reaction time in response to cocaine words significantly more than individuals assigned to TAU, suggesting CBT4CBT may be associated with reducing attentional bias for cocaine cues in this cognitive control task (DeVito, under review). This work is in fairly early stages, but Figure 2 suggests how this general approach might be explored more systematically in the future, for example, through a series of small trials investigating the effect of each module on the behavioral target,
