Testing directly for an association between the amount of smoking, measured as pack-years, within cases and controls respectively, with the SNP rs8034191, demonstrated no such association in the Norway discovery cohort (P = 0.63 and 0.47, respectively). We also carried out tests comparing allele frequencies for current and former smokers and heavy and light smokers, (two different definitions, using pack years of smoking and length of smoking history) within cases and controls separately (Table 3). The only significant association observed was in comparing current and former smokers among the controls (p = 0.028). Similarly, the rs8034191 SNP was not associated with pack-years smoked in the NETT cases or in the NAS controls.