plays a major role is rather weak (110) and indeed, excessive self-efficacy (“over-confidence”) may be detrimental to the chances of long-term success (111). Over-confident individuals may exhibit a “restraint bias,” whereby unrealistic beliefs about the ability to control substance-seeking behavior may lead people to expose themselves to increased temptation, which results in substance use (112, 113). Therefore, beliefs about the ability to exercise restraint (or overcome disinhibition) may have a direct influence on substance-seeking behavior, but these beliefs might also moderate the influence of both alcohol intoxication and ego depletion on disinhibited behavior, as discussed in previous sections of this paper.
