In people of European origin, where ADH1B*2 is at very low frequency, there is less confounding. Several studies have shown no (Neumark et al., 2004, Luo et al., 2006b, Borras et al., 2000) or only nominal (Edenberg et al., 2006, Agrawal et al., 2011, Kuo et al., 2008, Li et al., 2012a) allelic association between AD and rs698, rs1693482 or rs1789891 (D’ = 1) in Europeans. In a GWAS of a factor score derived from symptoms of alcohol dependence among controls from a study of schizophrenia, no SNP reached significance, but the strongest result from a candidate-gene-based analysis was ADH1C (p = 0.003 in European-Americans)(Kendler et al., 2011); this was not a finding for a single SNP, but rather a group of SNPs in the region.
