Data on adolescent conduct problems, as indexed by conduct disorder criterion counts (CDSX), also came from adolescents’ first follow-up assessment. CDSX was operationalized as the number of conduct disorder symptoms (e.g., often bullies, threatens, or intimidates others) ever endorsed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) and had a possible range of 0–15. In the current sample, CDSX ranged from 0 to 11. In total, 66.0% of the adolescents endorsed 0 CDSX, 18.3% endorsed 1 CDSX, 8.8% endorsed 2 CDSX, and 6.9% endorsed 3 or more CDSX. Because endorsing 3 or more CDSX meets the clinical diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder, we grouped adolescents into four categories to indicate their conduct problems (0 = no CDSX, 1 = one CDSX, 2= two CDSX, 3 = three or more CDSX).
