Drug abuse cases from the UHS were compared to population controls assembled using the pipeline presented in Figure 1. Controls were obtained from the database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP). Six cohorts passed all steps in our selection pipeline (see Supplemental Information): see Tables S2 and S3 for dbGaP accession numbers and consent groups. Controls were genotyped on one of three Illumina BeadChip arrays: Omni1-Quad, 1M–Duo, or Omni2.5.