Despite enthusiasm for using genome-wide information for personalized medicine (Hamburg & Collins, 2010), our results echo the conclusions from previous work (Yan et al., 2013) that it would be premature to use empirically-derived polygenic scores to predict an individual's risk for developing externalizing disorders. Rather, our results highlight the potential clinical utility of environmentally focused preventions and interventions for moderating genetic predispositions toward externalizing disorders. Those who are genetically predisposed toward externalizing disorders may particularly benefit from such intervention efforts (see Brody, Beach, Philibert, Chen, & Murry, 2009 for an example).
