properties in Drosophila melanogaster (Kaun et al., 2011), but the function of MAML1 in relation to drug abuse is unclear. In contrast, CREB binding protein (CREBBP) is a member of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) pathway that has been widely studied for drug addiction. Figure 2b shows that rs9829896-C was associated with lower CREBBP expression in AAs (P=0.011) but not in EAs (P=1.00).