In the nonverbal domain, children with prenatal alcohol exposure also display learning and recall deficits: a lower rate of learning across acquisition trials and less recall of information after a delay period. However, it is less clear whether retention of nonverbal material is intact or impaired because results are mixed when initial learning is taken into account (Aragon, Kalberg, et al., 2008; Kaemingk, et al., 2003; Mattson & Roebuck, 2002). Differences may be due to task characteristics or length of delay, as described below.
