Unless otherwise specified, all childhood risk factors reflected the period prior to 18 years of age. Family structure distinguished individuals who never lived with their biological fathers and those whose parents divorced from those with intact families. Parental mental health problems reflected whether a parent or other adult living in the home was ever treated or hospitalized for mental illness or attempted/committed suicide, and parental behavioral problems reflected whether a parent or other adult living in the home went to jail or prison. Parental alcohol and drug use problems were based on direct questions, e.g., “Before you were 18 years old, was a parent or other adult living in your home a problem drinker or alcoholic?” History of juvenile delinquency reflected self-report of having been in jail or a juvenile detention facility before age 18. Childhood attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was assessed through 20 symptom items that operationalized the DSM-IV criteria for this disorder. Childhood physical and sexual abuse scores were constructed based on scales that measured the frequency with which specific indicators of abuse occurred. Because these scales were highly
