et al., 2005; Fein et al., 1994) and cerebellar (Bendszus et al., 2001; Ende et al., 2005; Parks et al., 2002; Seitz et al., 1999) regions (but see, Hermann et al., 2012; Modi et al., 2011). Together with changes in NAA levels, changes in Cho levels can be used, theoretically, to distinguish neuronal from glial targets of brain pathology (Fein et al., 1994). MRS studies suggest that both NAA (e.g., Bartsch et al., 2007; Bendszus et al., 2001; Parks et al., 2002), particularly in frontal (Bartsch et al., 2007; Bendszus et al., 2001; Durazzo et al., 2006) and cerebellar (Bendszus et al., 2001; Fein et al., 1994; Parks et al., 2002) regions, and Cho (e.g., Bartsch et al., 2007; Bendszus et al., 2001; Durazzo et al., 2006; Ende et al., 2005; Martin et al., 1995) levels show normalization (i.e., increase) with abstinence. By contrast, elevated levels of Cho have been noted in non-abstinent chronic heavy drinkers (Meyerhoff et al., 2004), social and moderate drinkers (Ende et al., 2006), and rodents exposed to binge alcohol (e.g., Zahr et al., 2010; Zahr et al., 2009).
