In general, the impact of maternal alcoholism on psychopathology was greater in female offspring than in male offspring. This not only was evident in the significant gender by maternal history of alcoholism interactions in mania, nicotine dependence, alcohol abuse and schizoid personality disorder, but also was suggested in the direction of the interactions that did not reach statistical significance. In particular, the odds ratios investigating the associations between maternal history of alcoholism and all of the other externalizing disorders (with the possible exception of pathological gambling, which may or may not represent an externalizing disorder) were non-significantly but consistently greater in female offspring than in male offspring. As externalization of emotions is more typically associated with men, this finding may indicate an effect of the relative absence of a female role model for daughters of alcoholic mothers. Such an interpretation is not inconsistent with prior findings. For example, Stanger and colleagues (Stanger et al. 2004) found that poor parental monitoring and inconsistent parental discipline led to more externalizing behavior in children - a scenario that could be relatively more likely
