Many imaging studies have compared prenatal alcohol exposed youths to healthy controls, providing substantial information regarding how such exposure results in deviations from more typical neurodevelopment. However, there are a number of factors that may contribute to the FASD phenotype, above and beyond alcohol-exposure histories. Several recent studies compared subjects with prenatal alcohol-exposure to other relevant contrast groups to examine differences in brain activation [46, 49], and white matter microstructure [46].
