times being admitted at the hospital among others. The index of life course duration of drinking related problems is the age at which these items occurred for the first and most recent times. LAPS is an effective indicator to scale the extent of alcoholic risk load in preclinical stages of development for offspring, and for adults it is a metric of chronicity and severity. Measures of validity included discriminant analyses which revealed expected associations between LAPS and measures of cognitive functioning, family relationships, self-concept and temperament (Zucker, 1990, Zucker, 1991, Zucker et al., 1997). We used the maximum LAPS score across waves T1 to T6 and used this variable for analysis.
