opportunities, dilapidation (e.g., vacant or deserted buildings, trash), and neighborhood deviance (e.g., gang activity). The response set ranged from 0 (not a problem) to 3 (a big problem). Responses to the items were summed to form a neighborhood risk scale ranging from 0 to 60; Cronbach’s alpha was .91. The socioeconomic and community risk measures were standardized and summed to form the socioeconomic and community risk control variable.
