Differential sensitivity to prevention programming: a dopaminergic polymorphism-enhanced prevention effect on protective parenting and adolescent substance use.
- Authors
- Brody, Gene H; Chen, Yi-Fu; Beach, Steven R H; Kogan, Steven M; Yu, Tianyi; Diclemente, Ralph J; Wingood, Gina M; Windle, Michael; Philibert, Robert A
- Year
- 2014
- Journal
- Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association
- PMID
- 23379386
- DOI
- 10.1037/a0031253
- PMCID
- PMC3695005
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate a genetic moderation effect of dopamine receptor-4 gene (DRD4) alleles that have 7 or more repeats on the efficacy of a preventive intervention to deter rural African American adolescents' substance use. METHODS: Adolescents (N = 502, M age = 16 years) were assigned randomly to the Strong African American Families-Teen (SAAF-T) program or to a control condition and were followed for 22 months. Adolescents provided data on substance use, and both adolescents and their primary caregivers provided data on intervention-targeted protective parenting practices. RESULTS: Male adolescents who carried at least one allele of DRD4 with 7 or more repeats who were assigned to the control condition evinced more substance use across 22 months than did (a) carriers of at least one allele of DRD4 with 7 or more repeats who were assigned to SAAF-T or (b) adolescents assigned to either condition who carried two alleles of DRD4 with 6 or fewer repeats. These findings were mediated by DRD4 × SAAF-T interaction effects on increases in intervention-targeted protective parenting practices, a mediated moderation effect. CONCLUSIONS: The results imply that prevention effects on health-relevant outcomes for genetically susceptible individuals, such as carriers of at least one allele of DRD4 with 7 or more repeats, may be underestimated.
Intervention status × DRD4 status effect on male youths’ predicted substance use. The vertical lines represent 95% confidence intervals.
LLM interpretation
This bar chart shows the predicted increase in substance use frequency from pretest to long-term follow-up for male youths, categorized by intervention status (Control vs. SAAF-T) and DRD4 status (6 or fewer vs. 7 or more repeat alleles). In the Control group, those with 7 or more repeat alleles show a substantially higher predicted increase in substance use compared to those with 6 or fewer. In the SAAF-T group, the predicted increases are lower and similar for both DRD4 status groups. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.
Intervention × DRD4 effects on increases in intervention-targeted parenting for male youths. Socioeconomic and neighborhood risks were controlled. Standardized regression coefficients were used.
LLM interpretation
This is a path diagram representing a structural equation model showing the effects of an intervention (SAAF-Teen), DRD4 status, and their interaction on "Intervention-Targeted Parenting" from pretest to posttest. The model indicates a significant positive interaction effect between SAAF-Teen and DRD4 status ($\beta = .22, p < .05$) and a strong positive correlation between pretest and posttest parenting scores ($\beta = .91, p < .001$). The "Intervention-Targeted Parenting" latent variable is defined by four indicators: Monitoring, Problem solving, Reciprocal communication, and Substance use expectations.
A mediated moderation model of the intervention × DRD4 effect on increases in intervention-targeted parenting and predicted frequency of substance use for male youths. Socioeconomic and neighborhood risks were controlled. Standardized regression coefficients were used.
LLM interpretation
This figure is a mediated moderation path diagram illustrating the effects of an intervention and DRD4 status on substance use for male youths across pretest, posttest, and long-term follow-up. The model shows that "Intervention-Targeted Parenting" acts as a mediator, with a significant positive path from the interaction term (SAAF-Teen $\times$ DRD4 status) to parenting ($\beta = .23, p < .05$) and a significant negative path from parenting to substance use ($\beta = -.56, p < .01$). Standardized regression coefficients are provided, with significance levels indicated by asterisks ($**p < .01, ***p < .001$).
| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| 10th-grade students local | cohort |
| 11-year-old children local | cohort |
| 4-repeat allele local | variant |
| academic performance | phenotype |
| adolescents | cohort |
| adolescent substance use | phenotype |
| affiliations with substance-using peers local | phenotype |
| African American | cohort |
| African American families (rural Georgia) local | cohort |
| African American intervention leaders local | cohort |
| African American university students local | cohort |
| African descent | cohort |
| alcohol | phenotype |
| Caregivers local | cohort |
| cigarettes | phenotype |
| Community members local | cohort |
| control | cohort |
| control_families local | cohort |
| control group | cohort |
| control program local | cohort |
| control program participants local | cohort |
| DRD4 | gene |
| DRD4 7-repeat allele | variant |
| DRD4 exon III VNTR alleles local | variant |
| DRD4 l allele local | variant |
| DRD4_l_allele local | variant |
| DRD4 s allele local | variant |
| DRD4_s_allele local | variant |
| DRD4 s alleles local | variant |
| ethnically and socioeconomically diverse participants local | cohort |
| European population | cohort |
| exercise | phenotype |
| families | cohort |
| family-centered intervention local | cohort |
| female participants | cohort |
| FF families local | cohort |
| Field researchers local | cohort |
| Financial downturns local | phenotype |
| Financial downturn score local | phenotype |
| FUEL for Families (FF) local | cohort |
| healthful behaviors local | phenotype |
| informed consumer behavior local | phenotype |
| intervention status local | phenotype |
| intervention_targeted_parenting local | phenotype |
| intervention‑targeted parenting local | phenotype |
| Iowa Youth and Families Project local | cohort |
| kindergarten children local | cohort |
| l allele | variant |
| l allele of DRD4 local | variant |
| Long-term follow-up assessment local | cohort |
| Loss of inhibitory controls local | phenotype |
| male participants | cohort |
| marijuana | phenotype |
| neighborhood risk scale local | phenotype |
| Neighborhood risk scale local | phenotype |
| nutrition | phenotype |
| other substances | phenotype |
| parental monitoring | phenotype |
| positive problem solving local | phenotype |
| Positive problem solving scale local | phenotype |
| Posttest assessment local | cohort |
| Pretest assessment local | cohort |
| prevention outcome local | phenotype |
| Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods local | cohort |
| protective parenting local | phenotype |
| protective parenting processes local | phenotype |
| reciprocal communication local | phenotype |
| Reciprocal communication scale local | phenotype |
| rural African American emerging adults local | cohort |
| SAAF‑T local | cohort |
| SAAF‑T local | drug |
| SAAF–T local | cohort |
| SAAF_T_families local | cohort |
| SAAF–T participants local | cohort |
| SAAF–T program local | cohort |
| s allele | cohort |
| s allele of DRD4 local | variant |
| school-based FUEL™ program local | cohort |
| sex | phenotype |
| socioeconomic and community risk control variable local | phenotype |
| stressful life events | phenotype |
| subjective well-being | phenotype |
| substance abuse | phenotype |
| substances | phenotype |
| substance use | phenotype |
| Substance use index local | phenotype |
| substance use norms and expectations scale local | drug |
| Substance use norms and expectations scale local | phenotype |
| toddlers | cohort |
| vulnerability cognitions for substance use local | phenotype |
| Youths | cohort |
| youth substance use | phenotype |
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