Individuals who endorsed criteria at any wave of data collection were coded as positive for that traumatic event. A three-level variable was used to represent trauma status, with no trauma (i.e. none of the items on the traumatic event checklist endorsed and neither child maltreatment nor sexual assault criteria met) as ‘0’, non-assaultive trauma (fire, flood, or natural disaster, life-threatening accident, or witnessing someone being badly injured or killed endorsed on the traumatic event checklist) only as ‘1 ’, and assaultive trauma (child maltreatment or sexual assault criteria met or rape, sexual molestation, physical abuse, neglect, serious physical attack or assault, or being threatened with a weapon, held captive, or kidnapped endorsed on the traumatic event checklist) as ‘2 ’. A total of 43.9% of the sample did not report any trauma, 22.1 % reported non-assaultive trauma only, and 34.0 % reported assaultive trauma. The ranking of assaultive trauma above non-assaultive trauma with respect to risk for PTSD was based on prior literature (Resnick et al. 1993; Breslau et al. 1998; Hapke et al. 2006) and on empirical findings in
