Participants were enrolled between 2005 and 2007 in a longitudinal study of adolescent brain development. At enrollment, the full cohort (n = 203) ranged in age from 9 to 23 years. Exclusion criteria included any contraindications to MRI scanning, any lifetime evidence of DSM-IV psychopathology, including substance abuse problems, history of neurological disorder, chronic physical health conditions, estimated full-scale IQs below 70, history of learning or attention problems, any complications at the time of the child’s birth including preterm birth, and any history of head injury. In addition, participants were required to be right-handed, which was assessed at baseline and verified at follow-up with the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (38). For the sample as a whole, it was not required that individuals be alcohol-naïve at baseline, but any reported history of binge drinking was grounds for exclusion. It should be stated at the outset that the study was designed to capture normative adolescent development and was not originally conceptualized as a study of substance use or alcohol abstinence. However, a subsample of the full range of study participants is particularly informative
