Childhood maltreatment and level of 9/11 exposure showed a significant interaction effect on the INT and EXT dimensions (β = 0.06, p < 0.01; β = 0.07, p < 0.001, respectively). The association between 9/11 exposure and each latent dimension of psychopathology (INT and EXT) was stronger among those who experienced childhood maltreatment compared with those who did not (depicted in Fig. 2a and b).