Patients who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria for Tourette’s Disorder (50) and their parents, if available, were included. Two cohorts of Caucasian TS patients (n=645, including 248 trios) from independent studies in the United States and Netherlands were ascertained (see Methods in Supplement 1). Control subjects were comprised of unrelated children (n=546) and parents (n=1098) of European ancestry from the Simons Simplex Collection (SSC) who were extensively phenotyped (https://sfari.org/ssc-instruments) and showed no evidence of ASD (51), as well as a group of unrelated healthy subjects collected as part of a separate genetic study of intracranial aneurysms (YNIA, n=786) (Figure 1, Table S1 in Supplement 1).
