Allelewise and genotypewise associations were tested using Fisher’s exact test by comparing allele and genotype frequency distributions between cases and controls. Haplotype Trend Regression (HTR) analysis was performed using Powermarker through permutation (permutation number was set as 100,000) by comparing the haplotype frequency distributions between cases and controls. The haplotype simulation association test was implemented using the program Haplo.score in the Haplo.stats package (http://mayoresearch.mayo.edu/mayo/research/biostat/schaid.cfm), with sex and age as covariates.