Eight risk factors (alcohol use, tobacco use, high blood pressure, high body mass index, high cholesterol, high blood glucose, low fruit and vegetable intake, and physical inactivity) jointly account for 61% of loss of healthy life years from CVDs and 61% of cardiovascular deaths. These same risk factors together account for over three quarters of deaths from ischaemic and hypertensive heart disease[15]. Alcohol use is overwhelmingly detrimentally related to many cardiovascular outcomes, including hypertensive disease [20], haemorrhagic stroke [21], and atrial fibrillation [22].
