(insufficient) activity group. By contrast, our approach—calculating attributable burden by cause and age group, and accounting for exposure in four categories—estimated substantially fewer attributable deaths: 3·2 million (2·7 million to 3·7 million) in 2010, 56% of what we attribute to tobacco smoking when second-hand smoke is excluded. This discrepancy shows the importance of comparable risk factor assessments and the importance of estimation of attributable burden taking into account differences in underlying disease and injury patterns across populations.