and to help them mitigate future alcohol-related problems. Similar results might be seen for measures of alcohol-related stimulation. Finding genes that contribute to lower LRs and higher alcohol stimulation as risk factors for future heavy drinking and alcohol problems could help with early identification and intervention in those at risk for future alcohol problems through their alcohol sensitivity. Greater understanding of the biological bases for the alcohol reaction phenotypes might also facilitate developing medications to help treat individuals who developed their AUD in the context of low LRs or higher alcohol stimulation.