In most studies, subjects were recruited from a center in which they were undergoing treatment for alcohol dependence [22], [23], [24], [33], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39] or seeking treatment and recruited through the media [10], [26], [31], [34], [40], [41]. The largest study's subjects (n = 605) were patients participating in VA (Veterans Administration) medical centers [27]. One study included patients admitted to a psychiatric center emergency ward [42], while three others recruited outpatients in alcohol or substance abuse clinics [13], [21], [25]. Finally in two studies, the subjects were either currently enrolled in a methadone clinic or had been discharged from one because of problems related to drinking [14], [32].
