the ability to focus (e.g., task orientation, impulsivity, inattention) as conscientiousness,5 and we coded subscales of normal-range measures related to psychopathy (e.g., cognitive-perceptual deficits, Type D) or emotional instability (e.g., anger, anxiety sensitivity) as neuroticism. We used a consensus method to label the constructs and reached agreement. We used effects coding to create four variables with extraversion as the reference trait (coded as −1) to contrast with the specified trait (coded as 1) and the non-specified traits (coded as 0). Extraversion was the most studied trait (n = 98 across all time points)6, followed by neuroticism (n = 94), conscientiousness (n = 67), agreeableness (n = 43), and openness to experience (n = 30).
