We used the Big Five taxonomy to organize these various scales. Each effect size was coded as indicative of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, or openness to experience based on conceptual and empirical links between different measures (e.g., Church, 1994; Donnellan, Conger, & Burzette, 2005; John, Naumann, & Soto, 2008, p. 115). For example, we coded the positive emotionality, negative emotionality, constraint, and absorption subscales of the MPQ as extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, and openness, respectively. For the HiPIC, we coded the emotional instability, extraversion, imagination, benevolence, and conscientiousness subscales as neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness, respectively. For the EAS temperament survey, we coded the negative emotionality subscale as neuroticism and the activity level, sociability, and shyness subscales as extraversion. For the BIS/BAS scale, we coded behavioral inhibition as neuroticism and behavioral activation as extraversion. Generally, we coded subscales related to the ability to focus (e.g., task orientation, impulsivity, inattention) as conscientiousness,5 and we coded subscales of normal-range measures related to psychopathy (e.g., cognitive-perceptual deficits, Type D) or emotional instability (e.g., anger, anxiety sensitivity) as neuroticism. We used a consensus method
