Tapert et al. (2003). Using a visual alcohol cue exposure paradigm, 15 AU youth (defined as youth who met criteria for AUD) and 15 non-AU youth (with limited alcohol and other substance experience) ages 15–17 were presented with images containing alcohol content (e.g., alcohol advertisements) and control images (e.g., images matched to style but without alcohol content). While no group differences were observed in reaction time for either alcohol-related or control cues, AU youth showed greater BOLD response than non-AU youth across 21 regions including task-relevant reward and substance-craving areas including frontal and limbic regions (ventral anterior cingulate, prefrontal cortex, orbital gyrus, subcallosal cortex), as well as less task-relevant posterior regions (IFG, paracentral lobule, parahippocampus, amygdala, fusiform gyrus, temporal lobe, hypothalamus, posterior cingulate, precuneus, cuneus, angular gyrus). These latter regions are involved in visual association, episodic recall, appetitive functions, and association formation processes. Additionally, non-AU youth showed greater BOLD response than the AU youth to alcohol versus control pictures in only two regions (right middle frontal gyrus and right IFG). Notably, in the AU youth, greater quantity of AU per
