Postmortem data (Dekaban, 1977; H. Pakkenberg & Voight, 1964; Witelson, Beresh, & Kigar, 2006), in vivo imaging studies of adults (Allen, Damasio, Grabowski, Bruss, & Zhang, 2003; Andreasen et al., 1993; Goldstein et al., 2001; Good et al., 2001; Nopoulos, Flaum, O'Leary, & Andreasen, 2000), and in vivo imaging studies of children (Giedd, Castellanos, Rajapakse, Vaituzis, & Rapoport, 1997; Reiss, Abrams, Singer, Ross, & Denckla, 1996) (De Bellis et al., 2001) all consistently find a 9-12% greater brain size in males. This difference is not accounted for by body size either in adults, (Ankney, 1992; Ho, Roessmann, Straumfjord, & Monroe, 1980; O'brien et al., 2006; Witelson et al., 2006) or in children, where larger brain volumes in males are observed despite the minor sex differences in height and weight characteristic of prepubertal development.
