Parental knowledge was measured in each study by mother, father, and adolescent report using identical composite (sum) scores including the Knowledge subscale of the Child Monitoring Scale (Hetherington & Clingempeel, 1992; α > .88 across reporters in both samples). Mother, father, and adolescent reports of mothers’ and fathers’ knowledge were standardized and summed to create the knowledge composites in order to avoid single-measure bias (Bank, Duncan, Patterson, & Reid, 1993; α = .68 for TOSS, α = .70 for NEAD) and ranked to normalize the distributions, consistent with previous reports (Neiderhiser, Reiss, Lichtenstein, et al., 2007; Neiderhiser et al., 2004).
