No calculations were performed to predetermine sample size. Participant-level data from four large-scale neuroimaging datasets (total N=42,309) were included in the present analyses. The participants were from ENIGMA-Addiction (ENIGMA-ALC: participants with alcohol dependence, n=976; ENIGMA-CTRL: non-dependent participants, n=750), IMAGEN (IMAGEN-T1: baseline imaging assessment at age 14, N=2,089; IMAGEN-T2: follow-up imaging assessment at age 19, N=1,374), ABCD (ABCD-T1: baseline imaging assessment at ages 9–10, N=9,102; ABCD-T2: follow-up imaging assessment at ages 11–12, N=5,583), UK Biobank (UKB-ALC: participants with Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) total scores >19, n=296; UKB: participants with AUDIT total scores <8, n=22,590). Details of the datasets may be found in Supplementary Methods. Each dataset was approved by all local ethics research committees, and informed assent/consent was obtained from all participants (and their parents/guardians). Effect size maps of ENIGMA disease-related working groups were analyzed representing a total of 21,024 participants.
