specific candidate gene-by-environment interaction effects with an environment that already has been shown to moderate the overall importance of genetic influences on that outcome. As additional research begins to clarify how specific genetic variants contribute to risk for AUDs, greater cross-talk between the twin literature, gene-identification studies, and studies testing for measured genotype-by-environment interactions will be critical to producing a more systematic research program aimed at understanding gene-by-environment effects for this critical and socially important condition.
