In contrast, positive parenting (e.g., parent–child closeness) has been correlated with lower levels of externalizing behaviors and has been posited as critical for normative development of self-regulatory capabilities, higher level social, emotional, and cognitive development and the neurobiological systems that subserve them (Hochgraf et al., 2021; Tottenham, 2014). For example, a recent study showed that maternal behavioral regulation of their 3-year-old toddlers predicted enhanced cingulo-frontal connectivity in a decision-making task during monetary gain relative to loss feedback 7 years later (Kopala-Sibley et al., 2020). Positive parenting has also been recognized as an important influence during adolescence, a critical period when important neurobiological development occurs. For example, longitudinal studies have shown that positive parenting predicts development of adolescent amygdala and prefrontal cortex which shape effective self-regulatory behaviors (Li et al., 2019; Whittle et al., 2014). A recent study also showed that adolescents who experienced more (vs. less) positive parenting behaviors had more efficient executive processing due to better inhibition control and attention (Dandash et al., 2021). During adolescence, patterns of neural connection among systems of emotion, motivation, and cognitive processes related
