This approach was applied to data collected from adults who participated in two independent family-based studies: 1) one study that sampled European Americans (EA) and African Americans (AA), and 2) another study that sampled American Indians (AI). Our overarching Hypothesis 1, based on previous studies in these populations on alcohol use disorders (Ehlers et al., 2010; Ehlers et al., 2015; Ehlers et al., 2004b; Schuckit et al., 1993), was that a substantially similar clinical course of antisocial behaviors (as defined by the order and progression of the antisocial symptoms in the SSAGA) would be seen between the sexes, racial groups and whether an individual had AASB or ASPD, although the prevalence of individual items and their ages of onset were expected to differ between the groups. In Hypothesis 2, based on the literature demonstrating that African Americans and American Indians are more likely to be incarcerated than whites (see Minton and Golinelli, 2014; Vogel and Porter, 2016) we predicted that the prevalence of individual antisocial behaviors would differ across sex and racial groups. We also predicted than men of any
