Additional functional genomic biomarker studies using high resolution microarrays have identified regionally distinct gene and exon level expression disturbances in post-mortem brain impacting neuronal growth and function which may influence alcoholism onset and progression (Flatscher-Bader et al., 2005, 2006, 2010; Lewohl et al., 2000; Liu et al., 2004, 2006; Manzardo et al., 2014; Mayfield et al., 2002; Sokolov et al., 2003). Functional gene expression profiling has identified disturbances in selected brain regions associated with reward processing and prefrontal inhibitory control mechanisms relevant to the development and propagation of abuse behaviors (Flatscher-Bader et al., 2005, 2006, 2010; Lewohl et al., 2000; Liu et al., 2004, 2006; Manzardo et al., 2014; Mayfield et al., 2002; Sokolov et al., 2003). An overrepresentation of down-regulated vs up-regulated genes at the mRNA level have been reported in addiction-related brain regions and functional disturbances impacting myelination, cellular signaling and energy production influencing brain structure, function, growth and development (Lewohl et al., 2000; Liu et al., 2004, 2006; Manzardo et al., 2014; Mayfield et al., 2002; Sokolov et al., 2003). These effects have been correlated with medical
