rheumatoid arthritis). Specifically, for each and every patient, we randomly selected a matched individual from all individuals met the following criteria: (i) without the corresponding neuroinflammation-related condition, (ii) without AD, AIDS, cancer, dementia, and/or hemiplegia/paraplegia prior to the corresponding patient’s index date, and (iii) with same gender, race, birth year, and comorbidities on the corresponding patient’s index date. In other words, a matched pair had no AD, AIDS, cancer, dementia, and/or hemiplegia/paraplegia prior to the index date, and the matched pair had same age, race, gender, and comorbidities on the index date.