Prior work has strongly suggested that the diathesis–stress model of G × E characterizes the etiological moderation of adolescent antisocial behavior by negative/conflictive parenting. It remains unclear, however, whether this model of G × E is also important during childhood, or whether the moderation of child conduct problems by negative/conflictive parenting is better characterized as a bioecological interaction. The current child twin study sought to distinguish between these possibilities, evaluating whether and how the parent–child relationship moderates the etiology of childhood-onset conduct problems.
