COGA recruited alcohol dependent probands and their family members from inpatient and outpatient AD treatment facilities in seven sites, and community comparison families were also recruited from a variety of sources in the same areas (Nurnberger et al., 2004; Reich et al., 1998). Institutional review boards from all sites approved the study and every participant provided informed consent or assent. The Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA) and the child version of the SSAGA (Bucholz et al., 1994; Hesselbrock, Easton, Bucholz, Schuckit, & Hesselbrock, 1999) were administered to individuals age 18 or over and younger than 18, respectively. SAGE (phs000092.v1.p1, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/gap/cgi-bin/study.cgi?study_id=phs000092.v1.p1) and Yale-Penn (phs000425.v1.p1, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/gap/cgi-bin/study.cgi?study_id=phs000425.v1.p1) were downloaded from the database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP). For the NIAAA cohort, participants were recruited using the NIH Institutional Review Board-approved screening and assessment protocols conducted at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center (Bethesda, Maryland, USA) from 2005 to 2015. All participants provided written informed consent.
