Individuals who endorsed three or more of the seven DSM-IV criteria occurring within a 12-month period were diagnosed with DSM-IV alcohol dependence. Affected individuals were age 15 or older and met criteria for DSM-IV alcohol dependence. Unaffected individuals were defined as those who had consumed at least one full drink of alcohol, were ≥ 21 years old, endorsed < 2 criteria for DSM-IV dependence, and did not meet criteria for abuse of alcohol, cocaine, opioids, marijuana, sedatives, and stimulants (Lai, Wetherill, Bertelsen, et al., 2019). For SAGE and Yale-Penn datasets, DSM-IV alcohol dependence diagnoses were downloaded from dbGaP; and unaffected individuals with alcohol abuse, or other substance dependence were excluded.
