Chunk #5 — MATERIALS AND METHODS

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Efficient design for Mendelian randomization studies: subsample and 2-sample instrumental variable estimators.

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Thus, F increases as R2 and n increase and as k decreases. The IV used here is continuous; however, our results apply to any IV or IV set with the same first-stage R2, including categorical or ordinal IVs and multi-IV scenarios (7) (see Discussion).