The increase in adverse life outcomes in adults with prenatal alcohol exposure may also relate to deficits in adaptive functioning, which have been demonstrated in the domains of communication, daily living skills, and socialization (Crocker, Vaurio, Riley, & Mattson, 2009; Jirikowic, Kartin, & Carmichael Olson, 2008; Thomas, Kelly, Mattson, & Riley, 1998; Whaley, O'Connor, & Gunderson, 2001). Convergent evidence suggests that socialization may be the most affected domain within adaptive functioning (Crocker, et al., 2009; McGee, Bjorkquist, Price, Mattson, & Riley, 2009; McGee, Fryer, et al., 2008; Thomas, Kelly, et al., 1998; Whaley, et al., 2001). More specifically, socialization abilities of children with FASD fail to improve with increasing age (Crocker, et al., 2009; Thomas, Kelly, et al., 1998; Whaley, et al., 2001), suggesting an arrest in development of these skills rather than a delay. A similar arrest in development within the communication domain was documented in an investigation that compared children with FASD to children with ADHD and controls on adaptive ability (Crocker, et al., 2009). Thus, children with prenatal alcohol exposure are likely to have increasing difficulty meeting
