We included individuals ages 12–64 with insurance claims indicating an OUD diagnosis, at least one buprenorphine prescription, and at least one non-fatal drug-related poisoning. Buprenorphine prescriptions were defined by associated diagnostic codes selected using established methods(22) and are listed in eTable 1. We included persons who had time periods of buprenorphine-free treatment as long as they received the medication at another point in time. Buprenorphine use was characterized in terms of strength, quantity, and days’ supply in order to calculate a daily milligram dose. This was further stratified into daily buprenorphine doses > 12 mg and ≤12 mg, given previous analyses suggesting differences in treatment retention associated with this dose.(23) Since each individual serves as their own control in case-crossover designs, all individuals in the sample must experience the outcome (drug-related poisoning) at least once. Thus we excluded all individuals who did not experience a drug-related poisoning.
